Annotation
نویسنده
چکیده
One of the most interesting and least understood phenomena of bacterial immunity is organotropism. It concerns such questions as why pneumonia is commonly caused by pneumococci and virtually never by meningococci, when both are frequently carried in the upper respiratory tract; and why the meningococcus causes meningitis while its closest relative, the gonococcus, causes genitourinary disease. Perhaps the best documented example of organotropism relates to whooping cough. In a remarkable series of experiments, done with chick embryos, Buddingh' found that inoculation of 15-day old embryonated eggs with Bordetella pertussis resulted in eventual localization of the organism on the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial mucosa, whereas in 12to 13-day old embryos, in which ciliated cells had not yet appeared in the bronchi, no infection of the nonciliated epithelium occurred. Thus it appears that B. pertussis has a special predilection for the microenvironment of ciliated epithelial cells in the bronchial mucosa-a relation entirely in keeping with the pathological hallmark of human whooping cough: the localized proliferation of B. pertussis in the "muco-ciliary blanket" of the bronchi.' Organotropism relates not only to the affinity of specific organisms for different tissues in the same host but also for the same tissues in different hosts. When virulent bovine tubercle bacilli, for example, are injected intravenously (or even intrarenally) into guinea pigs, the kidneys remain free of progressive lesions, whereas the kidneys of rabbits treated in the same fashion become riddled with tubercles. It has been suggested that the greater susceptibility of the rabbit kidney may be due to its lack of an enzyme, spermine oxidase, which is present in the kidneys of guinea pigs and renders the tissue polyamines, spermine and spermidine, tuberculocidal.8 Whatever the mechanism, the difference is striking. Finally, the invasiveness of a single strain of bacteria may vary over a wide range in different parts of the same organ of the same host. It is this third facet of organotropism which was originally brought to light
منابع مشابه
Fuzzy Neighbor Voting for Automatic Image Annotation
With quick development of digital images and the availability of imaging tools, massive amounts of images are created. Therefore, efficient management and suitable retrieval, especially by computers, is one of themost challenging fields in image processing. Automatic image annotation (AIA) or refers to attaching words, keywords or comments to an image or to a selected part of it. In this paper,...
متن کاملTags Re-ranking Using Multi-level Features in Automatic Image Annotation
Automatic image annotation is a process in which computer systems automatically assign the textual tags related with visual content to a query image. In most cases, inappropriate tags generated by the users as well as the images without any tags among the challenges available in this field have a negative effect on the query's result. In this paper, a new method is presented for automatic image...
متن کاملAnnotation in Architecture: A Systematic Approach toward Mobilization and Development of Theoretical, Research, and Critical Basis in Architecture
Annotations usually refer to marginal notes that explain a difficult or ambiguous subject, provide a general definition or a critical remark for a particular part of a text. Historically, annotating was a well-known tradition in Islamic sciences and was used especially in times when there were less new potentials for generating new knowledge. The main question of this research is, can the tradi...
متن کاملAn annotation scheme for Persian based on Autonomous Phrases Theory and Universal Dependencies
A treebank is a corpus with linguistic annotations above the level of the parts of speech. During the first half of the present decade, three treebanks have been developed for Persian either originally or subsequently based on dependency grammar: Persian Treebank (PerTreeBank), Persian Syntactic Dependency Treebank, and Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank (UPDT). The syntactic analysis of a sen...
متن کاملSemantic-Based Image Retrial in the VQ Compressed Domain using Image Annotation Statistical Models
متن کامل
A CAD System Framework for the Automatic Diagnosis and Annotation of Histological and Bone Marrow Images
Due to ever increasing of medical images data in the world’s medical centers and recent developments in hardware and technology of medical imaging, necessity of medical data software analysis is needed. Equipping medical science with intelligent tools in diagnosis and treatment of illnesses has resulted in reduction of physicians’ errors and physical and financial damages. In this article we pr...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
- The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
دوره 38 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1966